Corrosion is a natural electrochemical process that causes the deterioration of metals and alloys due to interactions with their environment. It results in significant economic losses, safety hazards, and environmental concerns across industries such as construction, transportation, marine engineering, and oil and gas production. This paper reviews the fundamental mechanisms of corrosion, its major forms, factors affecting corrosion rates, and modern prevention and control methods. Special emphasis is placed on electrochemical principles, microbiologically influenced corrosion, and corrosion protection strategies including coatings, cathodic protection, and corrosion inhibitors. Understanding corrosion behaviour is essential for improving material durability and reducing maintenance costs.