The growing use of generative artificial intelligence in education has introduced new dimensions to student learning. This study investigates the influence of ChatGPT on student learning outcomes in higher education. Using a qualitative review of recent academic literature, the paper analyses how ChatGPT affects comprehension, academic performance, engagement, and independent learning. The findings indicate that ChatGPT supports deeper understanding by offering instant explanations, adaptive responses, and continuous learning assistance. It also contributes to improved writing quality and increased learner confidence. However, challenges such as excessive dependence, reduced critical thinking, and ethical concerns related to academic honesty are also identified. The study concludes that ChatGPT has the potential to enhance learning outcomes when used as a supplementary educational tool rather than a replacement for active learning. The paper recommends structured guidelines and AI literacy programs to ensure responsible and effective integration of ChatGPT in education systems.