Abstract:

This study examines the Bhakti movement in undivided Bengal, focusing on its origin, key leaders, ideological foundations, and its multifaceted impact on society, politics, economy, and religion. Emerging prominently in the medieval period, the Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition, led by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, emphasized personal devotion (bhakti) to Krishna, spiritual love, and inclusivity, breaking the rigid boundaries of caste and social hierarchy. The movement’s intellectual and spiritual framework was further developed by his prominent disciples—Rupa Goswami, Sanatana Goswami, Advaita Acharya, and Nityananda Prabhu—who codified theological principles, promoted devotional practices, and extended spiritual participation to the general populace.

The Bhakti movement significantly influenced Bengali society by fostering social cohesion, equality, and collective religious participation, encouraging lower castes and women to engage in spiritual life. Politically, it promoted mental freedom and a critical perspective toward hierarchical authority, even though it did not directly challenge state structures. Economically, while it did not reform wealth distribution or landholding patterns, the movement indirectly supported local crafts, music, and festivals, creating minor economic stimulation. Religiously, it simplified complex rituals and emphasised emotional devotion and congregational chanting, making spirituality accessible to ordinary people and promoting inter-communal harmony.

Overall, the Bhakti movement in undivided Bengal represented a spiritual and social revolution, shaping the cultural, religious, and ethical landscape of medieval Bengal, while highlighting the possibilities and constraints of devotional reform as a tool for societal change.

Keywords:

ভক্তিবাদ, অবিভক্ত বাংলা, ব্রাহ্মণ্যবাদ।

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